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Grâce à la stimulation électrique, la repousse nerveuse peut être accélérée. Des chercheurs ont inventé un implant à poser directement sur le nerf endommagé.
Cet implant peut être activé de l’extérieur pour un traitement en continu.

Chaque année, des milliers de patients sont concernés par les lésions traumatiques des nerfs périphériques telles que : les accidents de voiture, de sport, de doigt coincé etc.

Mais contrairement aux fibres nerveuses du système nerveux central dont l’atteinte entraîne une paralysie permanente, celles du système périphérique peuvent se régénérer et le contrôle actif du muscle peut être restauré. Cette reconstruction est très lente et reste souvent incomplète, menant à une perte de sensibilité et de motricité des membres touchés.

La stimulation électrique du nerf

Ces vingt dernières années, de nombreuses recherches ont été conduites visant à accélérer la repousse nerveuse, comme l’injection de facteurs de croissance ou l’électrofilage. La stimulation électrique du nerf atteint figure parmi les pistes les plus efficaces pour régénérer le nerf endommagé. Mais cette technique n’est pour l’instant possible qu’au cours d’une intervention chirurgicale.

… par un mini implant biodégradable

Wilson Zack Ray, neurobiologiste à l’université de Washington, a mis au point un implant électronique biodégradable générant des impulsions électriques régulières favorisant l’accélération de la régénération nerveuse et la reconstruction musculaire. L’implant se présente sous la forme d’un petit disque de la taille d’un ongle et fin comme une feuille de papier. Il se place et s’enroule autour du nerf endommagé puis se résorbe entièrement en deux semaines. Il est alimenté par un transmetteur extérieur, un peu comme les socles de chargement sans fil pour les téléphones portables.

Une étude clinique sur des rats

Les implants ont été testés sur des rats dont le nerf sciatique était endommagé. Des impulsions électriques ont été envoyées durant une heure à raison d’une, trois ou six fois par jour. Les neurobiologistes ont comparé les résultats avec des rats n’ayant bénéficié d’aucune stimulation. Ainsi ils ont constaté que plus les impulsions sont fréquentes et sont administrées sur une longue période, plus la reconstruction du nerf est rapide. Les rats stimulés retrouvent ainsi plus vite le signal nerveux et la force musculaire.

Un futur pacemaker biodégradable ?

D’après les chercheurs, dont les résultats ont été publiés le 8 octobre dernier dans la revue Nature Médecine, la bioélectronique pourrait un jour complètement remplacer les traitements médicamenteux pour de nombreuses pathologies. Un implant biodégradable pourrait, par exemple, être utilisé comme pacemaker temporaire ou servir de transmetteur entre la moelle épinière et d’autres sites d’influx nerveux. Selon John Rogers, professeur à l’université de Northwestern,« en modifiant la composition et l’épaisseur de l’implant, nous pouvons programmer et doser la durée et la fréquence des impulsions électriques, ainsi que sa durée de vie. »