« Fake it, until you make it »… Or not ! Pendant des années, Elizabeth Holmes a réussi à faire croire que Theranos, sa start-up valorisée à 9 milliards de dollars, allait révolutionner la médecine… jusqu’à ce qu’un journaliste du Wall Street Journal Post révèle à toute la Silicon Valley la supercherie. Son enquête vient d’être publiée en français.

Fondée en 2003 par Elizabeth Holmes, Théranos était devenue la start-up emblématique de la Silicon Valley. Douze ans plus tard, sa fondatrice était d’ailleurs sacrée plus jeune milliardaire du monde à ne pas avoir hérité de sa fortune. Sa promesse : révolutionner le marché des tests sanguins avec des machines capables de réaliser des analyses en un temps record grâce à de simples prélèvements sanguins réalisés par les patients eux-même.

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Pourtant, en octobre 2016, le journaliste et double Prix Pulitzer John Carreyrou fait éclater l’affaire dans le «Wall Street Journal». Dans son livre «Bad Blood», dont la version française sort ce mois-ci aux éditions Larousse, il révèle les dessous de cette enquête et la façon dont le culte de l’entrepreneur de génie dans la Silicon Valley, couplé à l’émergence des «licornes», peut générer des impostures incontrôlables. Son livre sera prochainement adapté au cinéma et c’est Jennifer Lawrence qui incarnera la charismatique Elizabeth Holmes.

Hélizabeth Holme, une startupeuse charismatique

En 2003, alors âgée de 19 ans, Hélizabeth Holmes décide d’abandonner ses études à Stanford pour créer sa start-up. Son idée : un bracelet capable d’effectuer des tests sanguins et de délivrer consécutivement des doses de médicaments adaptées. Son charisme lui permet de se constituer une équipe en débauchant des ingénieurs de chez Apple. Elle décide néanmoins de donner une nouvelle tournure à son projet en concevant un appareil capable de réaliser en quelques dizaines de minutes des centaines de tests sanguins différents, à partir de quelques gouttes de sang prélevées au bout du doigt. Dix ans plus tard, elle clame y être parvenue.

La spirale du mensonge

En 2015, la fondatrice et CEO de Theranos était perçue comme un Steve Jobs au féminin : sa start-up promettait de révolutionner le secteur médical. Theranos était alors évalué à 9 milliards de dollars lors de son ultime levée de fonds, à l’issue de laquelle Holmes elle-même pesait quelques 4,5 milliards de dollars. Un seul petit détail venait assombrir le tableau : la technologie Theranos ne fonctionnait pas.

Pendant des années, Holmes a menti à ses investisseurs et à ses partenaires commerciaux. Afin de dissimuler les défauts et les limites de ses machines, Theranos réalisait la majeure partie de ses analyses sur des appareils achetés dans le commerce, dans le plus grand secret. Pendant ce temps-là, Holmes entretenait dans l’entreprise une atmosphère de travail toxique, et régulièrement les employés de Theranos voyaient leurs collègues renvoyés du jour au lendemain pour avoir fait part de leurs doutes à la direction. Cette imposture allait produire un peu moins d’un million de faux résultats d’analyse, certains mettant sérieusement en péril la santé de patients.

Bad Blood raconte l’histoire captivante du plus gros scandale industrie depuis Enron, à travers un récit édifiant tissé autour de promesses imprudentes et de l’ivresse financière de la Silicon Valley.

Un documentaire diffusé sur HBO

En février dernier, lors du Sundance Festival a été révélé au public « The Inventor: Out for Blood in Silicon Valley » un documentaire réalisé par Alex Gibney et consacré à la saga Théranos et diffusé sur la chaine HBO.

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